A HAZOP, or Hazard and Operability Study is a structured and systematic method used to identify hazards and potential operability problems by examining how a process or operation could deviate from its intended design. A HAZOP study does not begin by asking only, “What could go wrong?” Instead, a multidisciplinary team…
Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is a structured process safety method used to evaluate whether existing safeguards provide enough protection against a hazardous scenario. In a typical process plant, a single hazard may have several safeguards around it. These can include basic process controls, alarms, operator actions, shutdown systems, relief…



