A Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is a systematic process safety study used to estimate the likelihood and potential consequences of hazardous events in numerical terms. It combines information about how often an incident scenario may occur with what could happen if it occurs, allowing risk to be quantified and compared…
A HAZOP, or Hazard and Operability Study is a structured and systematic method used to identify hazards and potential operability problems by examining how a process or operation could deviate from its intended design. A HAZOP study does not begin by asking only, “What could go wrong?” Instead, a multidisciplinary team…
Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is a structured process safety method used to evaluate whether existing safeguards provide enough protection against a hazardous scenario. In a typical process plant, a single hazard may have several safeguards around it. These can include basic process controls, alarms, operator actions, shutdown systems, relief…




